Level 4M – Department of Botany

BOA401M3 : Advanced Microbiology

Course code	BOA401M3
Course title	Advanced Microbiology
Credit value	3
Core/Elective	Core
Prerequisite	Nil
Notional hours	Theory	Practical	Field visit	Independent Learning
	30	26	10	84
Objective/s	Provide Knowledge on physiology, classification and genetics of microorganisms Impart knowledge on uses and importance of microbes in the environment
Intended learning outcomes	Explain some physiological and biochemical aspects of microorganisms Elaborate the major differences and criteria used in bacterial taxonomy Interpret the mechanisms of prokaryotic gene regulation systems Discuss the microbial spoilage and application of production techniques of various foods Apply microbial techniques in characterization of bacteria and in the determination of the purity of water
Detailed syllabus	Nutritional and environmental requirements of microorganisms, Microbial metabolism and energy release, Alternative modes of energy generation in bacteria, Chemolithotrophs, Photoautotrophs, Anaerobic respiration, Fermentation and fermentation pathways, Transport mechanisms in microbes. Bacterial taxonomy, Systematic study of some groups of bacteria. Bacterial gene transfer methods, Gene expression and control, Lactose, Arabinose and Tryptophan systems, Two component regulatory system. Microbial flora of food, Role of microorganisms in the production of foods and beverages, Microbial spoilage of specific foods, Food preservation, Water pollution and microbial indicators, Microbiology of waste and waste water, Water purification process, Microbial safety of drinking water.
Teaching and Learning Methods / Activities	Lectures, Practical, Tutorial discussion, Seminar and oral presentation, Field based studies, E-learning and online based teaching.
Evaluation	Theory: In-course assessment(s): 30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Practical: In-course assessment(s):30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Overall mark = (6MT+4MP)/10, MT – Marks for theory component, MP – Marks for practical component
Recommended References	Pepper, I. L., Gerba, C. P. and Gentry, T.J.(2015). Environmental Microbiology. 3rd ed. USA: Elsevier. Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M., Stahi, D.A. and Clark, D.P.(2010). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 13th ed. USA: Elsevier. Kim, B.H. and Gadd, G. M.(2008).Bacterial Physiology and metabolism. New York: Cambridge University Press. Glymph, T.(2005). Wastewater Microbiology. USA: American Water works Association.

BOA402M3 : Genetic engineering

Course code	BOA402M3
Course title	Genetic Engineering
Credit value	3
Core/Elective	Core
Prerequisite	Nil
Notional hours	Theory	Practical	Field visit	Independent learning
	30	36	10	74
Objective/s	To provide theory and practical skills on various cloning vehicles, recombinant protein expression and purification
Intended learning outcomes	Describe the applications of genetic engineering Differentiate the various vectors involved in gene transfer Explain the role of DNA technology and its uses in synthesizing new recombinant products Analyze the problems of protein expression Critically analyze the ethical issues of genetic engineering
Detailed syllabus	Introduction to recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering, Enzymes used in genetic engineering. Cloning vectors such as bacterial plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, phagemids, yeast plasmids, yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC), plant and animal viruses, transposons, shuttle vectors, and expression vectors. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Gene cloning in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Expression of cloned DNA in the host, Detecting protein-protein interactions, Post-transcriptional and translational modifications, Strategies of recombinant DNA technology, DNA sequencing, Western blotting, southern blotting and northern blotting Application of genetic engineering in plants, biosafety, Ethical issues in the implications of genetic engineering
Teaching and Learning Methods / Activities	Lectures, practical sessions, field visit, tutorial discussion, assignments/presentations/group discussion by students, E – Learning and online based mode of teaching.
Evaluation	Theory: In-course assessment(s): 30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Practical: In-course assessment(s):30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Overall mark = (6MT+4MP)/10, MT – Marks for theory component, MP – Marks for practical component
Recommended References	Brown, T. A. (2013). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction, 6^th edition, Wiley-Blackwell. Reece, R. J. (2003). Analysis of Genes and Genomes; First editionWiley-Blackwell. Power, C. B. (2013). Molecular cell biology, Himalaya publishing house.

BOA403M3 : Plant Virology

Course code	BOA403M3
Course title	Plant Virology
Credit value	3
Core/Elective	Core
Prerequisite	Nil
Hourly breakdown	Theory	Practical	Field visit	Independent learning
	30	26	10	84
Objective/s:	Provide knowledge on various plant diseases caused by viruses and virus like organisms. Impart broad knowledge and skill in the identification, characterization and control of plant viruses using molecular biological approaches.
Intended learning outcomes:	Explain the basic and advanced concepts of plant viruses and the disease Describe viruses on molecular properties and their implications in molecular plant pathology Apply the basic and new control measures practiced in reducing plant viral diseases. Create awareness about other pathogens similar to viruses and understanding in diseases diagnosis
Detailed syllabus	Overview of viruses: Virus structure: morphology, genome organization, Properties used for characterization of viruses Taxonomy of plant viruses; Symptomatology, Common virus diseases that affect crop cultivation in the globe. Replication strategies of viruses; Transmission of plant viruses, Functions governed by viral genes, Detection and identification of plant viruses: conventional methods, Nucleic acid based methods Molecular characterization of virus genome based on modern techniques: Extraction and purification of plant virus nucleic acid, sequencing and analyzing PCR products, determination of molecular evolution Movement of viruses in plants; Methods to develop virus free plants, Control measures of plant viral diseases: conventional and molecular level methods Virus-like diseases in plants: phytoplasma, viroids, satellite viruses.
Teaching and Learning Methods / Activities	Lectures, practical sessions, tutorial discussion, small group discussions, field-based studies, E – Learning and online based teaching.
Evaluation	Theory: In-course assessment(s): 30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Practical: In-course assessment(s):30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Overall mark = (6MT+4MP)/10, MT – Marks for theory component, MP – Marks for practical component
Recommended References	Agrios, G. N. (2005). Plant Pathology, 5^th edition, Elsevier Academic Press. Devika, M. De Costa. A (2009). Monograph on Plant viruses, , Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya. Hull, R. (2009). Comparative Plant Virology, 2^nd edition, Academic Press.

BOA404M3 : Plant Responses

Course code	BOA404M3
Course title	Plant Responses
Credit value	3
Core/Elective	Core
Prerequisite	Nil
Notional hours	Theory	Practical	Field visit	Independent Learning
	45	–	10	95
Objective/s	Impart knowledge on plant responses under various stress and how plants survive under various stress Provide knowledge of molecular biological approach on crop protection and improvement
Intended learning outcomes:	Describe various abiotic stress responses Analyze various defense mechanisms Discuss epigenetic program in plants due to responses Describe environmental stimuli and physiological responses Explain the developmental responses to climate change
Detailed syllabus	Introduction to plant responses, Abiotic stress responses (drought, heat, cold, salinity, heavy metal, mechanical damage); physical responses, molecular responses, biochemical responses, physiological responses and morphological responses, Defense responses; Pre-existing and post infection defense mechanisms, defense against insect herbivores. Immunization of plants against pathogens, defense through genetically engineering disease-resistant plants; Epigenetic program in plants. Tropisms; geotropism, chemotropism, hydrotropism, thigmotropism, traumatotropism and electrotropism. Plant developmental responses to climate changes.
Teaching and Learning Methods / Activities	Lectures, field experiments, tutorial discussion, small group discussions, reading assignments, E – Learning and online based teaching.
Evaluation	In-course assessment(s): 30%, End of Course Examination:70%
Recommended References	Shanker, A. K. and Venkateswarlu, B. (2011). Abiotic stress in plants – Mechanisms and adaptations. In Tech. Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant Pathology. 5th ed. Elsevier Academic Press. Lincoln, T. and Eduardo, Z. (2002). Plant Physiology.3rd ed.Sinauer Associates.

BOA405M3 : Biotechnology

Course code	BOA405M3
Course title	Biotechnology
Credit value	3
Core/Elective	Core
Prerequisite	Nil
Notional hours	Theory	Practical	Field visit	Independent Learning
	30	36	10	74
Objective/s	Impart knowledge on how biotechnological tools are used in industrial applications. Provide advanced skills and techniques for the commercial biotech tools.
Intended learning outcomes:	Describe the basic principles of biotechnology and plant propagation methods Analyze various techniques in the traditional and modern biotechnology Evaluate different applications of biotechnology in the production of bioactive compounds Explain the ethical and environmental impacts of biotechnology
Detailed syllabus	Introduction to Plant Biotechnology, Transgenic techniques and transgenic plant regeneration andproduction, integration of DNA into plant genome by different methods, genomic and cDNA libraries. Fermentation Technology, Fermenter, Microbial Fermentations, production of bioactive compounds (Acetic Acid, Citric Acid, Bioethanol, Antibiotics, Enzymes and Beverages), Applications. Innate and acquired Immunity, Antigens and Antibodies, Immunoglobulins, Antigen-Antibody Interactions, Vaccines and bioactive compounds. Bioremediation, biopesticides, biofertilizers, bioleaching, biosensors, bioindicators, biodegradable plastics, secondary metabolites of biotechnological importance, methods for crop improvement: herbicide resistance, disease resistance, novel proteins, Biological detoxification and hazardous waste management. Industrial Biotechnology, single cell protein (SCP), Bioconversions – Biomining and bioleaching, microorganisms in industrial microbiology Bio-gas, Bio-leaching, biofuels (bioethanol and Bio-diesel), Technology and tools used in the enzyme production, Vermiculture.
Teaching and Learning Methods / Activities	Lectures, practical, tutorial discussion, take-home assignments, seminar and oral presentation by students, field based studies, E – Learning and online based teaching.
Evaluation	Theory: In-course assessment(s): 30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Practical: In-course assessment(s):30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Overall mark = (6MT+4MP)/10, MT – Marks for theory component, MP – Marks for practical component
Recommended References	Das, H. K. (2010) Textbook of Biotechnology, 4^th Edition, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. Kapilan, R. (2019). Molecular Biology and Genetics, 1^st edition, Biranavi Publishers. Watson, J. D. (2014). Molecular biology of the gene, 7^th edition, Pearson/ Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

BOA406M3 : Horticulture and organic farming

Course code	BOA406M3
Course title	Horticulture and organic farming
Credit Value	03
Core/Elective	Core
Prerequisite	Nil
Hourly Breakdown	Theory	Practical	Field visit	Independent Learning
	30	36	10	74
Objective/s	Provide knowledge of cultivation practices in horticulture Impart knowledge on organic farming
Intended learning outcomes	Interpret the concepts and fundamentals of plant propagation methods Apply effective methods for horticulture Apply pruning techniques in commercial fruit crops Evaluate recent trends in organic farming and pest management
Course contents	Introduction to horticulture: Growing environment, Soil media, Green house management. Plant propagation in horticultural crops: Sexual propagation; seed collection, seed viability, storage and germination. Asexual propagation; cuttings, rooting hormones, grafting; budding and layering. Fruit production: Orchard establishment, pruning techniques of fruit crops, harvesting and post-harvest technology. Pest and disease on horticultural crops, Different irrigation techniques for horticultural crops and alternative and new crop production to Jaffna area. Organic farming: Introduction to organic farming, Organic crops, Organic certification, Choice of crops, Mulching, organic compost, Organic fertilizers, Organic pesticides and marketing.
Teaching learning Methods/Activities	Lectures, practical, tutorial discussion, take-home assignments, field based studies, E – Learning and online based teaching.
Evaluation/Assessment Strategy	Theory: In-course assessment(s): 30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Practical: In-course assessment(s):30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Overall mark = (6MT+4MP)/10, MT – Marks for theory component, MP – Marks for practical component
Recommended References	Chris Bird (2014). The fundamentals of horticulture.Cambridge University press. George Aquaah (1999). Horticulture: Principles and practices. 4th ed. Pearson. Dahama, A. K. (2007). Organic farming for sustainable agriculture. 2nd ed. Agrobios

BOA407M3 : Independent study on Plant Science

Course code	BOA407M3
Course title	Independent study on Plant Science
Credit Value	3
Core/Elective	Core
Prerequisite	Nil
Hourly break down	Theory	Practical	Field visit	Independent Learning
	20	–	50	80
Objective/s	Provide skills on collection, categorization, identification, and presentation of plant specimens and writing essays various plant science related topics Impart knowledge in the current aspects of plant science, Microbiology and Biotechnology Explore the current issues and findings related to plant and microorganisms
Intended learning outcomes	Identify the characteristics of various plant specimens Demonstrate oral competency in presenting the current topics in plant science Critically analyze related topics in plant science
Course contents	Herbarium: Collection of lower and higher plant specimens from various habitats, Identification of plant specimens, preparation of herbarium specimens, maintaining a record of the herbarium specimens Essay: Gain knowledge in various topics of scientific interest and express the knowledge in writing Seminar: Scientific communication using the collected information on the current topics in biology, environment, energy, plant disease and related topics
Teaching Learning Methods/Activities	Collection of plant specimens from various fields, standard tagging, wide reading on scientific topics
Evaluation/Assessment strategy	Herbarium evaluation: 50 collected plant specimens : 30% Seminar (panel) evaluation: 20% End of Course examination: Writing essays on selected topics – End of Course Examination – 50%

BOA408M6 : Research Project

Course Code	BOA408M6
Course Title	Research Project
Credit Value	6
Core/Elective	Core
Prerequisite	Nil
Objective/s	Provide knowledge, skills to analyze, find a solution to a research problem, organize and present the findings
Intended learning outcomes	Identify a research problem Review of literature using print and electronic media Develop methods to analyze the identified problems Collect and analyze the data related to the methodology Apply the problem solving skills Analyze and interpret the data Compose the project report and present the findings
Course Description	A research project on selected Botany related topics and shall be carried out under the supervision of one or more academic staff in the department. The duration of the project is 2 semesters in parallel to the 4M academic year. The student is expected to make a presentation half way through the project to monitor the progress. On completion of the project, a research project report containing Title page, Abstract, Introduction and Literature Review, Objectives, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion and References. A final presentation should be made based on the outcome of the research project.
Teaching and Learning Methods	Library and laboratory work, field visits, software and internet resource application, consultation with supervisor, presentation (oral and poster)
Evaluation Methods	Mid-project Presentation – 15% , Final-Presentation 15%, Research project report 70%
Recommended References	Myers, J. L. and Well, A. D. (2003). Research design and statistical analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cargil, M. and P O’Connor, (2003). Writing scientific research articles – strategy and steps.

BOA409M3 : Rhizosphere Biology

Course code	BOA409M3
Course title	Rhizosphere Biology
Credit Value	3
Core/Elective	Elective
Prerequisite	Nil
Hourly Breakdown	Theory	Practical	Field visit	Independent Learning
	30	36	10	74
Objective/s	Describe rhizosphere and rhizosphere interactions, growth promoting and disease causing microbes in soil and their interaction with plants.
Intended learning outcomes	Make use of the techniques in plant pathology Describe the pathogenesis of some soil borne crop diseases Apply the skills in the production of bio control agents Measure the biocontrol agents in the management of soil borne diseases. Apply the knowledge in efficient microbial interactions
Course Description	Rhizosphere, rhizosphere microbiome and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, revegetating inert soils with the use of microbes, rhizobium, mycorrhiza and their roles in plant and soil health and rhizosphere dynamics with forest communities. Soil-borne inoculum, inoculum potential and environmental factors affecting disease epidemics, fungistasis and competitive saprophytic ability, definitions of some terms in pathology of soil borne diseases and pathogenesis of some soil-borne diseases. Microbes and soil quality, Soil fertility amendments, Compost and vermicompost as amendments promoting soil health, C:N ratio of organic material and soil nitrogen status. Microbial interactions: Plant-microbe interactions, Microbial biofilm and Quorum sensing, Plant-pathogen interaction, Programmed cell death, Systemic Acquired Resistance and Induced Systemic Resistance, Microbial inoculants, Microbial antagonists in disease management.
Teaching and Learning Methods	Lecture, practical sessions, tutorial discussion, assignments / presentations / field visit by students, group discussions
Evaluation Methods	Theory: In-course assessment(s): 30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Practical: In-course assessment(s):30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Overall mark = (6MT+4MP)/10, MT – Marks for theory component, MP – Marks for practical component
Recommended References	Agrios, G. N. (2005). Plant Pathology, 5^th edition Elsevier Academic Press. Naik, M. K, Devika Rani G. S. (2008). Advances in soil borne plant diseases, 2^nd edition New India Publishing. Rangaswami, G. and Bagyaraj, D. J. (2014). Agricultural Microbiology, 2^nd Edition, PHI learning (pvt.) Ltd. Somasegaran, P. and Hobens, H. J. (1994). Handbook for Rhizobia. Springer laboratories.

BOA410M3 : Food Toxins

Course code	BOA410M3
Course title	Food Toxins
Credit Value	3
Core/Elective	Elective
Prerequisite	Nil
Hourly breakdown	Theory	Practical	Field visit	Independent learning
	45	–	10	95
Objective/s	To provide knowledge in categorizing various food toxins and describing their harmful effects
Intended learning outcomes	Describe the different types of toxins Describe the characteristics of various toxins in foods Express the effects of various toxins Interpret the toxicity of various toxins Analyze the toxicological risk assessment
Course Description	Biological significance of toxic substances, toxic and hazardous elements, agrochemicals, aoxic organic compounds, mycotoxins, natural toxic ingredients; plant origins and animal origins, toxin characteristics, classification of natural toxins, avoiding natural toxins, bacterial toxins, additives, toxic reaction products, toxicological risk assessment.
Teaching and Learning Methods	Lectures, presentation, tutorial discussion, assignments/presentations/laboratory visit by students, e – Learning and online based teaching.
Evaluation Methods	In-course assessment(s):30%, End of Course Examination:70%
Recommended References	Waldemar, M., Dabrowski, Zdzislaw E. Silkoprski. (2004). Toxins in food, 1^st edition, CRC Press. TonuPussa, (2013). Principles of Food Toxicology, 2^nd edition, CRC Press. U. S. Food and Drug Administration, (2012). Handbook of food-borne pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural toxins, 2^nd edition.

BOA411M3 : Cell Signalling

Course code	BOA411M3
Course title	Cell Signalling
Credit Value	3
Core/Elective	Elective
Prerequisite	Nil
Hourly breakdown	Theory	Practical	Independent learning
	45	–	105
Objectives	To introduce the principles of cellular signal transduction pathways
Intended learning outcomes	List the various signalling pathways Distinguish various types of receptors Assess the GTP binding proteins as molecular switches Analyze the regulation of various signalling pathways
Detailed syllabus	Overview of signalling, Identification and purification of cell-surface receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors and their effectors, IQ motif containing GTPase Activating Proteins (IQGAP), receptor Tyrosine kinase and Ras, MAP kinase pathways, second messengers, interaction and regulation of signalling pathways, Signalling: from plasma membrane to nucleus.
Teaching and Learning Methods / Activities	Lecture, presentation, tutorial discussion, assignments/presentations/group discussion, quiz, e – learning and online based teaching.
Evaluation	In-course assessment(s):30%, End of Course Examination:70%
Recommended References	Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. and Darnell, J. (2001). Molecular cell biology, Fourth edition, W. H Freeman and Company. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Walter, P. (1983). Molecular biology of the cell, 4^th edition, Garland publishing.

BOA412M3: Applied Bioinformatics in Plant Pathology

Course code	BOA412M3
Course title	Applied Bioinformatics in Plant Pathology
Credit value	3
Core/Elective	Elective
Prerequisite	Nil
Hourly Breakdown	Theory	Practical	Independent Learning
	30	36	84
Objective/s	Provides theoretical and practical knowledge on employing existing bioinformatic resources in plant pathology.
Intended learning outcomes:	Evaluate some of the current technologies for performing next – generation sequencing Predict the structure and function of effector proteins and pathogenesis-related proteins Estimate the level of various gene expressions in host-pathogen interaction Analyze DNA sequences of various plant pathogens Explain the evolutionary history of plant pathogens
Detailed syllabus	Introduction to bioinformatics. Pathogen identification based on sequence homology: preparation of sequence assembly, searching the main repositories of sequence information, and identify similar sequences in the databases. Creating sequence pair-wise alignment and multiple sequences alignments. Phylogenetics of plant pathogens: the neighbor-joining method and maximum likelihood method. Meta-genomics to assess species diversity in mixed infections, molecular resistance of a plant, and virulence properties of a pathogen. Pathogen effector proteins and pathogenesis-related proteins: Protein motifs and profile analysis. Exploring conserved regions within protein families. Methods used to determine a protein’s structure. Methods for determining protein-protein interactions. Gene expression analysis in host-pathogen interaction: technologies for creating expression data and for extracting information from microarray hybridizations or RNA-seq reads.
Teaching and Learning Methods/Activities	Lectures, practical, tutorial discussion, take-home assignments, seminar and oral presentation by students, e – Learning and online based teaching.
Evaluation	Theory: In-course assessment(s): 30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Practical: In-course assessment(s):30%, End of Course Examination: 70% Overall mark = (6MT+4MP)/10, MT – Marks for theory component, MP – Marks for practical component
Recommended References	Momand, J., McCurdy, A., Heubach, S. and Warter-Perez, N. (2016). Concepts in Bioinformatics and Genomics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wang, X. (2016) Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis Toylor and Francis Group. Keith, J. M. (2017). Bioinformatics, Volume I: Data, Sequence Analysis, and Evolution. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Science Business Media. Mukhopadhyay, C. S., Choudhary, R. K. and Iquebal M. A.(2017). Basic Applied Bioinformatics. UK: Wiley–Blackwell. Selzer, P. M., Marhöfer, R. J. and Oliver Koch, K. (2018). Applied Bioinformatics. 2nd ed. USA: Springer International Publishing.

BOA413M3: Conservation and Management of Plant Biodiversity

Course code	BOA413M3
Course title	Conservation and Management of Plant Biodiversity
Credit Value	03
Core/Elective	Elective
Prerequisite	Nil
Hourly Breakdown	Theory	Practical	Field visit	Independent Learning
	45	–	10	95
Objective/s	Provide knowledge on plant biodiversity and natural resources Impart knowledge on conservation and management of plant biodiversity and natural resources of Sri Lanka
Intended learning outcomes	Explain the need of conservation and management of plant biodiversity Design effective action plans for the management of plant biodiversity with special reference the endangered plant species, mangroves, forests, coastal vegetation. Reframe sustainable management systems to conserve natural plant diversity and related ecosystems
Course contents	Plant biodiversity: Natural vegetation, forest resources, grass land, endemic and endangered species, coastal ecosystems and mangroves – special reference to Sri Lanka. Threat to the plant biodiversity: natural hazards and exploitation of plant biodiversity due to human intervention, environmental pollution, urbanization, deforestation, sand mining, current coastal livelihood approaches, emission of gases, greenhouse effect, overconsumption, soil erosion, and degradation of ecosystems. Conservation and management: Laws and implementation, Environmental protection act, integrated conservation and management projects and plans, sustainable utilization of existing plant biodiversity and ecosystems, reforestation, organized garbage disposal projects, conservation of plant genetic resources, policies and implementation for sustainable use.
Teaching learning Methods/Activities	Lectures, tutorial discussion, take-home assignments, field based studies, e – Learning and online based teaching.
Evaluation/Assessment Strategy	In-course assessment(s): 30%, End of Course Examination: 70%
Recommended References	David and Hawksworth (2010). Management and the Conservation of Biodiversity. Springer Netherlands. Eddy van der Maarel, (2013). Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Hanum, F., Mohamad. A. L., Hakeem. K. R., Ozturk. M. (2013). Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Pullaiah P. (2015). Plant Biodiversity Conservation and Management.Daya Publishing House.